GNSS, jamming and spoofing: a clearly documented risk

The chapter on maritime cybersecurity provides a detailed description of the threats affecting GNSS systems. It recalls that associated attacks (spoofing, jamming) can lead to a loss of reliable positioning and to navigation errors, directly impacting maritime safety. It also emphasizes that users must “plan” (or at least anticipate!) “potential GPS disruptions, authenticate the reliability of received data and consider alternative positioning sources” (cyber chapter, pp. 278–280).