Maritime cyber risks

The maritime sector faces a range of specific risks linked to the progressive digitalisation of onboard, port, and logistics systems. These risks are not limited to conventional cyberattacks: they arise in a complex operational environment shaped by interconnected systems, dependence on critical infrastructure, and the growing entanglement between cyber and physical domains — including the electromagnetic spectrum.

Contrary to some simplified portrayals, maritime cyber incidents are not solely the result of targeted attacks. They also include technical failures, human errors, and indirect effects stemming from poorly managed digital dependencies.

Typology of maritime cyber risks

Positioning systems (GPS and, more broadly, Global Navigation Satellite Systems) represent a critical vulnerability. Jamming and spoofing can lead to position loss or navigation errors, with direct consequences for maritime safety. These phenomena are particularly significant — and sometimes near-permanent — in areas of high geopolitical or military tension.

Risks affecting industrial systems (OT)

Operational Technology (OT) systems, present both aboard vessels and in ports, are central to maritime operations. Their growing interconnection with IT systems exposes these environments to new vulnerabilities.

The integration of heterogeneous systems, increasing automation, and remote maintenance all expand the attack surface and complicate risk management.

Risks affecting port and logistics infrastructure

Ports and maritime logistics chains rely on highly interconnected systems. Dependencies on third-party providers, software, and digital services create systemic vulnerabilities.

The risks are not purely technical: they also concern operational continuity, commercial flows, and economic stability.

Incidents and vulnerabilities: a difficult reality to measure

Analysis of maritime cyber incidents reveals that a comprehensive picture of the phenomenon is hard to obtain. Reporting is not systematic, definitions vary, and incidents cover very different situations.

Beyond intentional attacks, incidents also include human errors, technical failures, and indirect effects arising from interconnected systems.

An operational approach to risk

Maritime cyber risks must be analysed in their operational context. They exist in an environment shaped by:

technical constraints
economic stakes
geopolitical dynamics
complex digital dependencies

This approach helps avoid oversimplified interpretations and supports a more accurate understanding of the sector’s real vulnerabilities.

The articles below provide detailed analyses of these different risk types, drawing on concrete cases, publications, and operational experience.